1. High Dispersion : The state where catalyst particles are evenly distributed within the catalyst layer
– Increased reaction area : When catalyst particles are evenly distributed, the active area available for reactions increases. This enhances catalyst efficiency and promotes hydrogen evolution reactions.
– Improved conductivity : A highly dispersed structure shortens the electron transfer pathways, improving electrical conductivity. This contributes to increasing the kinetics of electrochemical reactions.
– Uniform reaction environment : Even distribution of the catalyst facilitates access for reactants and the removal of products, allowing the overall reaction to proceed uniformly.

2. Low Roughness : A structure with a smooth and uniform surface\
– Prevention of membrane damage : A low-roughness electrode surface provides uniform pressure when in contact with the membrane, avoiding localized excessive pressure. Additionally, fewer sharp protrusions or defects reduce the risk of direct damage to the membrane.
– Uniform current distribution : A low-roughness surface maintains uniform current distribution, preventing the formation of hotspots caused by localized increases in current density. This enhances the stability of the catalyst layer and extends its lifespan.